Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is one of the most common and serious complications after surgery. Peripheral and central nervous systems change in response to repetitive nociceptive stimulation. This includes risk factors being identified pre-, intra-, and postoperative. There is no universally agreed upon definition of CPSP, though the working definition [...]

The Dolphin Neurostim being used for MPS therapies, is supported by sufficient evidence that the application of DC micro-currents has positive results for chronic pain and stress management, however support in literature of MPS application to C-Section scars for post surgical pain reduction, is lacking. In a recent study conducted [...]

In a study conducted by Dr. Kelly Armstrong, consisting of 47 post surgical patients suffering from the effects of chronic post surgical pain (CPSP) in relation to C-Section scars, she aimed to determine the effect and magnitude that MPS (micro-current point stimulation) therapy has when applied to such scars, as [...]

C-Sections are the most commonly performed procedure in the US, with 1.3 million such surgeries performed annually, accounting for about 32 percent of all births. The surgical incision made through the abdomen requires cutting through skin, connective tissue, and the uterus, as well as adjusting the organs to deliver the [...]

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, three out of ten women undergo Caesarean deliveries every year. Although vaginal delivery is still the most preferred method, C-Section may be necessary due to existing maternal conditions or complications anytime during the pregnancy or childbirth. While C-section carries a number of [...]

Direct current (DC) Micro-current Point Stimulation (MPS) is an innovative and latest modality of electro-acupunture where low-amplitude electric current is applied to certain pressure points for therapeutic purposes. DC micro-current therapies using low-amplitude DC current (80 μA to <1mA) have offered significant results in terms of reduction in chronic musculoskeletal pain. [...]

Cesarean section is a common method of delivery all over the world and it is still on the rise. C-section leaves a scar on the lower abdomen, affecting millions of women worldwide, especially the younger women for decades. Among c-section scars, hypertrophic scars and keloids add to the psychological stress [...]

C-section is one of the frequently performed gynecological procedures worldwide. More than 29.7 million c-sections are performed globally every year and the number is climbing with each passing year. Approximately, thirty-two percent women giving birth to their babies undergo c-section that leaves a scar mark on their lower abdomen. Post-surgical [...]

Microcurrent point stimulation (MPS) is an advanced and innovative therapeutic modality that promotes wound healing and relieves pain. In this modality, weak electrical currents are applied to the scar tissues modulating the collagen expression in the wound, especially in the keloid scar. In such procedures, degenerate waves of MPS decrease [...]

Cesarean section (C-section) is one of the oldest and common obstetric procedures. Globally, childbirth through c-section is on the rise and more than 29.7 million c-sections are performed every year. It is a major surgical procedure that requires incision to the lower abdomen from skin deep to uterine wall. The [...]

Adhesions can be considered in two ways: cell adhesions and unnatural adhesions caused by external stimuli. Cell adhesions are complimentary connections naturally found in the human body. Cells are destined to interact with their external environment through cell surface molecules. External environment may be the extracellular material or may be [...]

Healing refers to the restoration of damaged or diseases part of the body. Wound healing is an intricate process of repair after injury. Skin is a protective barrier against the external harms. When this barrier is broken down, healing process sets in. Wound healing process includes three phases: inflammation, proliferation [...]

Trauma refers to external physical harm to the body. Severity of trauma depends on the nature and source of injury and part of the body affected.  Trauma can be classified on the basis of cause, modality, location and activity. Trauma may end up with scars, adhesions, repetitive strain, acute or [...]

Adhesions develop when two bodily structures come across and connect to each other while normally they are not attached. The causes of adhesion development include surgery, trauma, radiations, abdominal or pelvic infections and sometimes congenital bands. The injured or traumatic sites involve healing process which may also cause sticking of [...]